Determinants of Delayed Antenatal Initiation among Pregnant Women in Northern Nigeria

Delayed initiation of antenatal care (ANC) is associated with increased maternal mortality and pregnancy-related complications. This study examines the prevalence and predictors of delayed antenatal care (ANC) among women in Northern Nigeria, utilizing data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), specifically the women's individual recode. Data analysis was conducted using Stata 14.0 at univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels. Univariate analysis revealed that 81.54% of pregnant women delayed initiating ANC beyond the first trimester. Bivariate analysis using Pearson’s chi-square (χ²) test identified significant relationships between delayed ANC and several predictors: women's education level [χ²=148.88, p<0.05], religion [χ²=341.23, p<0.05], wealth index [χ²=60.42, p<0.05], partner’s education [χ²=76.28, p<0.05], region [χ²=345.79, p<0.05], and husband's desire for more children [χ²=75.50, p=0.05]. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that women with lower educational levels had higher odds of delayed ANC (OR = 0.76). Regional differences were notable: women in the Northeast (OR=1.56) and Northwest (OR=2.18) were more likely to delay ANC than those in North Central. Additionally, husbands desiring more children were associated with delayed ANC (OR=1.48). The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including community-based health education and improved maternal healthcare access. Raising awareness on the importance of early ANC aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, thereby contributing to reductions in maternal and child mortality Keywords: Delayed, Antenatal Care, Pregnant Women, Northern Nigeria