Turning waste into wealth: Evaluating the macroeconomic benefits of recycling and pyrolysis in Armenia

Solid waste management represents a significant yet underutilized economic opportunity for developing economies, particularly Armenia. This study examines the macroeconomic potential of solid waste recycling and polymer pyrolysis, evaluating their capacity to contribute to GDP growth while promoting environmental sustainability. Quantitative analysis estimates the revenue potential from recycling major solid waste streams and converting polymer waste into fuel through industrial pyrolysis. The economic value added through these waste valorization methods is benchmarked against Armenia’s GDP to assess macroeconomic impacts. Results indicate that implementing systematic waste collection, recycling, and pyrolysis technologies could yield substantial economic benefits, including GDP growth, reduced fuel import dependence, employment generation, and increased fiscal revenues. Beyond direct financial returns, waste-to-energy conversion offers environmental advantages through pollution reduction and decreased landfill reliance. The analysis further identifies multiplier effects supporting regional development and industrial diversification. These findings demonstrate the strategic value of incorporating advanced waste management systems into national economic planning as a pathway toward circular economy implementation and sustainable development in Armenia.