What is the Effect of Synbiotic Therapy Using Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG on Systemic Inflammatory Markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and Pulmonary Function (FEV1) in Patients with Stage 3 COPD?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition marked bychronic inflammation and reduced airflow, currently ranking as the third leading cause of deathin the United States. While conventional treatments emphasize medications and invasiveprocedures, emerging research highlights the gut-liver axis--a communication network betweenthe intestinal microbiome and liver--as a critical factor in COPD progression. Disruption of thisaxis, often through gut barrier dysfunction and translocation of bacterial endotoxins likelipopolysaccharides (LPS), can trigger systemic inflammation and worsen pulmonary outcomes.This paper investigates the therapeutic potential of synbiotic intervention using Lactobacillusrhamnosus GG in Stage 3 COPD patients, with lung function measured via forced expiratoryvolume in one second (FEV1). Findings from existing literature suggest that L. rhamnosus GGmay strengthen gut barrier integrity and modulate immune responses, leading to reducedinflammation and improved pulmonary health. Although individual variability in gut microbiotapresents challenges, this approach offers a promising, non-invasive adjunct to standard COPDcare. Further research is warranted to optimize dosage, assess long-term effects, and personalizetreatment strategies. This study underscores the potential of targeting the gut-liver-lung axis asan innovative pathway for managing COPD.