Mapping Two Decades of TIMSS Research (2004–2024): Trends, Networks, and Evolution

This study systematically reviews 20 years of research on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) from 2004 to 2024, using data from Web of Science and Scopus. A structured literature search with TIMSS-related keywords identified 1,018 relevant studies, screened following the PRISMA protocol. Using bibliometric tools such as HistCite, CiteSpace, and Bibliometrix, this study employs various analyses to explore research trends, knowledge structures, and thematic development over time. The findings reveal a steady increase in research interest: publications were limited from 2004 to 2009, grew steadily from 2010 to 2014, and stabilized from 2015 to 2024. Thematic analysis identifies key recurring topics, with recent years showing a growing focus on contextual factors affecting student achievement, as indicated by emerging keywords such as “school climate,” “student achievement,” and “socioeconomic status.” In addition, intellectual structure analysis identifies influential authors and foundational works shaping TIMSS research, while thematic evolution analysis tracks shifts in research focus over time. This study sheds light on the evolving landscape of TIMSS-related research, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaborations and stronger connections between educational research, policy, and technology. Future research could integrate evidence-based educational strategies to inform international large-scale assessments and their role in shaping educational practices.Keywords: bibliometric analysis; thematic evolution; knowledge mapping; educational assessment; TIMSS research; Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)