Are SGLT2 inhibitors the future of Alzheimer's disease treatment? - A Review of Literature

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and current therapies are Only symptomatic, which prompts the search for new therapeutic strategies. In recent years, Researchers have been focusing on sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, Originally used in type 2 diabetes, which may have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this Review is to analyze the potential of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of AD, with particular Emphasis on their mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical data, and limitations. SGLT2 is present not only in the kidneys but also in the central nervous system, including the blood-brain barrier, hippocampus, and neurons. SGLT2 inhibitors, in addition to their hypoglycemic effects, exhibit pleiotropic effects, such as reduction of inflammation, Oxidative stress, improvement of mitochondrial function, and influence on β-amyloid and tau Protein metabolism. Preclinical studies suggest that these drugs may improve cognitive Function by increasing the availability of alternative energy sources (ketone bodies) and Protecting neurons from degeneration. Despite promising results, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in AD is faced with challenges, Including adverse effects (urinary tract infections, ketoacidosis) and a lack of sufficient Clinical data in non-diabetic patients. Studies to date have focused mainly on patients with metabolic disorders, and their results are inconclusive. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of these drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In summary, SGLT2 inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic approach in AD, but their Role requires further verification in randomized clinical trials. Understanding the molecular Mechanisms of their action may open new possibilities in the treatment of neurodegenerative Diseases.