A Research Project on the Feasibility of the State of California’s Mandate to Sell Only Zero-Emission (Electric) Vehicles by the Year 2035 for California and South Dakota

This research evaluates the feasibility of California's mandate to transition entirely to zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) by 2035 and explores the prospects of South Dakota adopting a similar policy. The study analyzes key factors such as infrastructure readiness, renewable energy capacity, material requirements for electric vehicle (EV) batteries, and socioeconomic variables that influence ZEV adoption. Feasibility studies like this are critical because large-scale policy mandates have far reached implications for energy systems, environmental outcomes, and economic planning. Understanding whether a state is equipped to meet such a goal allows policymakers to anticipate challenges, identify infrastructure gaps, and allocate resources more effectively. Without such assessments, ambitious targets risk falling short, potentially leading to public resistance, inefficient spending, or unintended consequences. California benefits from a strong policy framework and established EV infrastructure, South Dakota faces distinct challenges due to its rural geography, vehicle usage patterns, and limited infrastructure. The analysis considers both the advantages and limitations of a ZEV transition, including environmental impacts, grid readiness, and economic trade-offs. Recognizing that ZEVs shift rather than eliminate emissions, the research examines implications of electricity generation sources, battery material supply chains, and the intermittency of renewables. The study acknowledges model limitations, market uncertainties, and potential future developments such as hydrogen or fusion technologies that could alter the energy landscape. By outlining both opportunities and trade-offs, the findings offer a policyneutral framework to assist future decision-makers in evaluating state-level readiness for ZEV transitions, emphasizing the importance of local context, resource constraints, and infrastructure investments.