Tunable Valley Polarization and Anomalous Hall Effect in Ferrovalley NbX2 and TaX2 (X = S, Se, Te): A First-Principles Study

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides lack inversion symmetry and have broken time-reversal symmetry due to the honeycomb structure and intrinsic ferromagnetism, which leads to their valley polarization. Here, we explored the electronic and magnetic properties of the novel ferrovalley materials 1H-NbS2, 1H-NbSe2, 1H-NbTe2, 1H-TaS2, 1H-TaSe2, and 1H-TaTe2 using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The materials are dynamically stable bipolar magnetic semiconductors. Among the magnetic semiconductors, NbSe2 showed the maximum Curie temperature of 176.25 K. For these materials, the ferromagnetic state was more favorable than the antiferromagnetic state, indicating robust ferrovalley characteristics. These ferrovalley materials showed a giant tunable valley polarization at K and K' points in the Brillouin zone without applying any external factors due to intrinsic exchange interactions of transition metal d-orbital electrons and spin-orbit coupling. TaTe2 exhibited an outstanding valley splitting of 541 meV. Reversing Bloch electrons' magnetic moment caused an alteration of valley polarization. Additionally, the application of uniaxial and biaxial strain led to the manipulation and variation of the bandgap and valley polarization. Berry curvature exhibited opposite signs and unequal magnitudes at K and K' points, which led to the anomalous valley Hall effect in these materials. NbS2, NbSe2, and NbTe2 exhibited Berry curvature at unstrained crystals, whereas Berry curvature appeared only in TaSe2 and TaTe2 with the application of strain. These ferrovalley materials exhibited distinct band gaps for spin-up and spin-down electrons, enabling the selective transport of spin-polarized electrons.