A review of artificial intelligence challenges in surgery

As opportunities for artificial intelligence to augment surgical care expand, the accompanying surge in published literature has generated both substantial enthusiasm and grave concern regarding the safety and efficacy of artificial intelligence in surgery. Artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually changing the practice of surgery with technological advancements in imaging, navigation, and robotic intervention. Collectively, evidence suggests that artificial intelligence has the potential to augment surgeons via decision-support, technical skill assessment, and the semi-autonomous performance of tasks ranging from resource allocation to patching foregut defects, In this article, we review the challenges of AI in surgery especially for surgeons and intraoperative. Recent progress in using artificial intelligence to achieve performance advantages in surgery suggest that remaining challenges can and will be overcome.