Energy Management Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System

Malaysia’s National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) aims to accelerate the shift towards a sustainable, low-carbon energy system. The effective integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS) is crucial for optimizing energy usage, reducing costs, and lowering carbon emissions. To support these goals, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) has deployed a 5 kW hybrid inverter integrated with a 4.62 kW PV array (12 panels) and a 10.24 kWh BESS at the FTKE Solar Laboratory. The hybrid inverter operates in three modes—general, peak-shaving, and economy—to enable flexible energy management. This study compared the energy consumption of an FTKE building with and without the hybrid inverter PV-BESS system, where fourteen 3 kW air-conditioning units served as the primary loads. Over two months of testing in each mode, results showed that the General mode achieved the highest energy savings of 441.94 kWh, while the Peak-Shaving mode provided the greatest cost reduction of RM 256.43. These findings indicate that operational mode selection can significantly influence energy and cost performance, with implications for supporting Malaysia’s NETR objectives through improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions.