Towards Personalized and Precision Oncology Through the View of Design-Driven Cancer Translational Research and Clinical Applications

PPM is now the recommended standard for oncology care. Individualizing treatment is thus becoming a core objective ofthe Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM) and its valuable branch, entitled as Personalized & Precision Oncology/PPO).PPO is emerging as a complementary approach that aims to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype by modelling individual tumors in vitro. Those patient- and pre-cancer personat- risk-derived ex vivo models largely preserve several tumorcharacteristics that are not captured by genomics approaches and enable the functional dissection of tumor vulnerabilities ina PPM-guided manner. Those trends and developments have opened exciting new avenues for PPO-guided clinical practice,with the potential for successful applications in contexts in which genomic data alone are not informative.