A Manifesto on the Physical Nature of Spacetime №2

This paper addresses the problem of the physical nature of spacetime, one of the central unresolved issues in modern fundamental physics. It is argued that space cannot exist independently of time, since time itself is defined through the duration of actions, processes, or states, which presuppose change. In the absence of change, there is no measure for distinguishing past from future, and therefore no time and no possibility of existence or continuation. At the fundamental level, changes in physical reality are realized through elementary particle interactions, each act of which constitutes a minimal unit of change based on the transfer of energy and momentum. The totality of such interaction acts gives rise to the emergent physical structure that we designate as spacetime.