A Possible Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis

This study is my approach to the Riemann Hypothesis, involving the analysis of the convergence of the zeros of the partial sum $\eta_n$ of the Dirichlet Eta function $\eta$. Before starting I define $s_n=a_n+ib_n$, a zero to the squared modulus of the truncation of the $n$-th order of $\eta$, $|\eta_n(s_n)|^2=0$. I start by breaking down the equality $\eta(s)=0$ (which is implied by the nullity of the continued $\zeta(s)$) by expressing $|\eta(s)|^2=0$ as $\Re(\eta(s))^2 + \Im(\eta(s))^2 = 0$, expressed with cosine and sine functions, then I use trigonometric identities to further break down the sum into a sum of squares purely relying on $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and a double sum relying on both $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and $b_n=\Im(s_n)$ where $s_n$ is a zero of the truncated $\eta_n(s_n)$: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+j-2}\cos(b_n\ln(k/j))}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ The emergence of the sum of squares $\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}$ is what shows us we're on the right path, for we can compare it with $\frac{n^{1-2a_n}-1}{1-2a_n}$, and since we want to prove $\Re(s_n)=a_n\xrightarrow[n \to +\infty]{}\frac{1}{2}$, that's a very good sign to see $1-2a_n$ appear. Using the bounded nature of the cosine function, I reformulate the equality as a problem of quadratic equations, to get rid of the dependence on $\Im(s_n)$ as well as the oscillations it induces: $\forall x \in \mathbb{R}, -1 \le \cos(x) \le 1$ so for all $n$ sufficiently large, $ \space \exists r_n \in \mathbb{N} \space | \space -1 \le r_n \le 1$ so that: $$ \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{1}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} x_k^2 + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} x_kx_j \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0, \space with \space x_1,\ldots,x_n \in \mathbb{R} \space and \space x_1=1,$$ The fact that all the $x_k$ are real requires all the corresponding $\Delta_k$ to be positive as well, this coupled with the condition that for all $n$ sufficiently large, $\forall k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}, x_k \gt 0$ then require: $$\Rightarrow r_n=-\frac{1}{n+\alpha} \space with \space \alpha \in ]-3,-1[$$ Then we shall substitute the $x_k$ to come back to our problem: $$\forall k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}, \space x_k=\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$$ It has already been proved that for all the nontrivial zeros, their real part is in $]0,1[$, therefore, using the $a_n \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} a_{+\infty} \in ]0,1[$ condition and asymptotic equivalences, we end up with: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} - \frac{1}{n}\left( \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{a_n}} \right)^2 \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ I then use integrals and asymptotic analysis to observe two of asymptotic behaviours: when $a_n$ converges to a real number in $\Big]\frac{1}{2},1\Big[$ when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$ without having to deal with the $\Big]0,\frac{1}{2}\Big[$, case, because the Riemann's functional equation $\zeta(s)=2^{s}\pi^{1-s}\sin(\frac{\pi s}{2})\Gamma(1-s)\zeta(1-s)$ implies that no zero for $Re(s)\in\Big]\frac{1}{2},1\Big[$ means no zero for $Re(s)\in\Big]0,\frac{1}{2}\Big[$ as well. Then I conclude that the only logically consistent case is when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$. By the Hurwitz's Theorem, we then conclude that given the uniform convergence of $\eta$ for $Re(s)\in[\sigma_1,\sigma_2], $ for any subset $[\sigma_1<\sigma_2]\subset]0,1[$, this means $\eta(s)=0 \Rightarrow Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ on the critical strip $Re(s)\in]0,1[$, which in turn means $\zeta(s)=0 \Rightarrow Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$. Actually, I find that the "real part"'s asymptotic equivalent has to be, as $n \to \infty$: $$\frac{1}{2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right) + ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right)\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$$ and that it therefore has an imaginary part that has a slower (so more prominent) rate of convergence $ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2}\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$. And this imaginary rate of convergence in that "pseudo-real-part" vanishes as $n \to \infty$, yielding $\frac{1}{2}$ NOTES: I'll keep making changes to add additional observations or correct some statements. Feedback would be appreciated at: [email protected]

Publication Details

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Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2025-08-25
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16938510
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Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
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article
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article

A Possible Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
article

A Possible Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis

article en

Abstract

This study is my approach to the Riemann Hypothesis, involving the analysis of the convergence of the zeros of the partial sum $\eta_n$ of the Dirichlet Eta function $\eta$. Before starting I define $s_n=a_n+ib_n$, a zero to the squared modulus of the truncation of the $n$-th order of $\eta$, $|\eta_n(s_n)|^2=0$. I start by breaking down the equality $\eta(s)=0$ (which is implied by the nullity of the continued $\zeta(s)$) by expressing $|\eta(s)|^2=0$ as $\Re(\eta(s))^2 + \Im(\eta(s))^2 = 0$, expressed with cosine and sine functions, then I use trigonometric identities to further break down the sum into a sum of squares purely relying on $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and a double sum relying on both $a_n=\Re(s_n)$ and $b_n=\Im(s_n)$ where $s_n$ is a zero of the truncated $\eta_n(s_n)$: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+j-2}\cos(b_n\ln(k/j))}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ The emergence of the sum of squares $\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}}$ is what shows us we're on the right path, for we can compare it with $\frac{n^{1-2a_n}-1}{1-2a_n}$, and since we want to prove $\Re(s_n)=a_n\xrightarrow[n \to +\infty]{}\frac{1}{2}$, that's a very good sign to see $1-2a_n$ appear. Using the bounded nature of the cosine function, I reformulate the equality as a problem of quadratic equations, to get rid of the dependence on $\Im(s_n)$ as well as the oscillations it induces: $\forall x \in \mathbb{R}, -1 \le \cos(x) \le 1$ so for all $n$ sufficiently large, $ \space \exists r_n \in \mathbb{N} \space | \space -1 \le r_n \le 1$ so that: $$ \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} \frac{1}{(kj)^{a_n}} \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} x_k^2 + 2r_n\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=k+1}^{n} x_kx_j \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0, \space with \space x_1,\ldots,x_n \in \mathbb{R} \space and \space x_1=1,$$ The fact that all the $x_k$ are real requires all the corresponding $\Delta_k$ to be positive as well, this coupled with the condition that for all $n$ sufficiently large, $\forall k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}, x_k \gt 0$ then require: $$\Rightarrow r_n=-\frac{1}{n+\alpha} \space with \space \alpha \in ]-3,-1[$$ Then we shall substitute the $x_k$ to come back to our problem: $$\forall k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}, \space x_k=\frac{1}{k^{a_n}}$$ It has already been proved that for all the nontrivial zeros, their real part is in $]0,1[$, therefore, using the $a_n \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} a_{+\infty} \in ]0,1[$ condition and asymptotic equivalences, we end up with: $$\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2a_n}} - \frac{1}{n}\left( \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{a_n}} \right)^2 \xrightarrow[n \to \infty]{} 0$$ I then use integrals and asymptotic analysis to observe two of asymptotic behaviours: when $a_n$ converges to a real number in $\Big]\frac{1}{2},1\Big[$ when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$ without having to deal with the $\Big]0,\frac{1}{2}\Big[$, case, because the Riemann's functional equation $\zeta(s)=2^{s}\pi^{1-s}\sin(\frac{\pi s}{2})\Gamma(1-s)\zeta(1-s)$ implies that no zero for $Re(s)\in\Big]\frac{1}{2},1\Big[$ means no zero for $Re(s)\in\Big]0,\frac{1}{2}\Big[$ as well. Then I conclude that the only logically consistent case is when $a_n$ converges to $\frac{1}{2}$. By the Hurwitz's Theorem, we then conclude that given the uniform convergence of $\eta$ for $Re(s)\in[\sigma_1,\sigma_2], $ for any subset $[\sigma_1<\sigma_2]\subset]0,1[$, this means $\eta(s)=0 \Rightarrow Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ on the critical strip $Re(s)\in]0,1[$, which in turn means $\zeta(s)=0 \Rightarrow Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$. Actually, I find that the "real part"'s asymptotic equivalent has to be, as $n \to \infty$: $$\frac{1}{2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right) + ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2} + o\left(\frac{1}{\ln(n)^2}\right)\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$$ and that it therefore has an imaginary part that has a slower (so more prominent) rate of convergence $ik\pi\left(\frac{\ln(n)+4-\lambda}{\ln(n)^2}\right), \space k \in \mathbb{Z}^*, \space \lambda \in [0,1]$. And this imaginary rate of convergence in that "pseudo-real-part" vanishes as $n \to \infty$, yielding $\frac{1}{2}$ NOTES: I'll keep making changes to add additional observations or correct some statements. Feedback would be appreciated at: [email protected]

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 66%
Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
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