Optimal Sizing and Analysis of Budget-Constrained Solar PV-Grid Systems

The global transition to sustainable energy has increased the adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, but high initial costs remain a barrier in developing nations like Nigeria. This study evaluates the optimal sizing and feasibility of a budget-constrained solar PV system to supplement grid power for a suburban grocery store. Using HOMER software, six locations in Nigeria were simulated within a $1,600 budget. The optimal design included a 1.5 kW solar PV system, two 12V 200AH batteries, and a 2.5 kW inverter, costing $1,554. Ughelli achieved the lowest cost of energy (CoE) at $0.0712/kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of $4,039, while Talata Mafara recorded the highest CoE at $0.0731/kWh and an NPC of $4,414, underscoring the need for site-specific designs. Northern locations (Talata Mafara, Dikwa, Karu) showed higher solar contributions (32.3%, 32.1%, 30.4%), while southern sites (Ughelli, Ilaro, Amuzu) had lower contributions (26.5%, 27.4%, 28.6%). Despite optimization, unmet energy demand persisted, particularly in southern regions. Excess electricity generation highlights opportunities for improved energy management through enhanced battery storage and demand-side strategies.