Husbandry and management interventions for the conservation and welfare of captive animals -a systematic evidence map

Zoos and aquariums are poised to play increasingly important roles in mitigating the global biodiversity crisis. However, the ultimate success of ex-situ conservation depends on animal welfare and effective husbandry and management practices. As such, an empirical understanding of ‘what works’ in zoo management is crucial for guiding success and embedding cost-effective practices. Here, we present the first systematic evidence map for husbandry and management interventions used in zoos and aquariums. We identified and extracted 1,070 articles spread across 45 journals, and examined patterns within taxonomic, spatial, temporal, and thematic categories. Studies originated from 516 institutions in 69 countries, and focused on 637 species. We listed 424 husbandry and management interventions used by ex-situ managers, based on a pilot study, consultations with an advisory board of expert practitioners, and the published literature. We found published evidence for the effectiveness of 90% of those interventions, with some (e.g. diet modification and enclosure enrichment) being more studied than others (e.g. animal behaviour management and visitor management). Clear biases were observed in the spatial and taxonomic focus of studies, with evidence being principally generated from institutions in Western Europe, North America, and Australia (77.4% of included studies), and most evidence (65.2% of included studies) focusing on mammals. Evidence from standalone aquariums was particularly scant. This article (and linked database) provides practitioners with a systematic and comprehensive resource detailing evidence-based studies of zoo management interventions to inform their decision-making. It also identifies opportunities for prioritising evidence synthesis and clear evidence gaps for future investigation.IntroductionGlobal biodiversity loss, and its likely intensification in the coming decades, are predicted to be severe enough to represent a sixth ‘Anthropocene’ mass-extinction event (Barnosky et al. 2011; IPBES 2019; Cowie et al. 2022). Zoos, aquariums, and other ex-situ facilities (henceforth ‘zoos’) are well-placed to make important contributions towards mitigating this biodiversity loss through captive breeding and associated reintroduction and reinforcement programmes (Conde et al. 2011; Funk et al. 2017; Bolam et al. 2023). This is especially true when these are undertaken as integrated components of broader conservation strategies (Byers et al. 2013), and with respect to the other important societal <br/>