Implementation of Small Modular Reactors in Sweden : A Qualitative Study of Drivers and Barriers from a Stakeholder Perspective

This study aims to investigate and deepen the understanding of how different actors in Sweden perceive the drivers and barriers influencing the implementation of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was applied to collect empirical data from representatives in industry and academia. The interview material was analyzed through thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's (2006) framework.The results reveal that the most significant drivers for SMR implementation, as perceived by stakeholders, include technical factors such as system integration flexibility, enhanced safety features, modularity, and standardization, all of which facilitate construction and deployment. Economically, SMRs are seen to offer reduced financial risks, improved cash flows, and increased siting flexibility, helping to avoid high transmission costs. Political and strategic drivers include a more favorable regulatory climate and opportunities for Sweden to strengthen its position internationally. Societal drivers, such as growing public acceptance, local support, and positive opportunities for municipalities, are also highlighted as crucial.In contrast, key barriers identified relate to technical challenges (fuel and waste management, supply chains, scalability, and grid integration), economic obstacles (loss of economies of scale, high fixed costs, uncertainties in serial production and business models), and political barriers (complex regulations, prolonged permitting processes, and an uncertain investment climate). Societal challenges include a shortage of skilled personnel, inadequate communication, and low cultural acceptance.The findings provide an actor-centered perspective on SMR, an approach often lacking in previous research, highlighting how technical, economic, political, and societal factors interact. The qualitative methodology yields nuanced insights into stakeholder perspectives. For policymakers, the results underscore the need for stable long-term policies, transparent licensing processes, investments in skills and research, and robust stakeholder collaboration. Overall, the study presents an up-to-date view of key challenges and opportunities in Sweden’s SMR landscape and emphasizes the importance of future research with broader actor inclusion.