Inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management strategies

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex and multifactorial disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the gut mucosa. The exact etiology remains unclear, but it is believed to involve an interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The Western diet, rich in fats and sugars, has been implicated in the development of IBD, which affects up to 0.5% of the general population in Western countries. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in IBD pathophysiology, with dysbiosis contributing to inflammation and disease progression. Clinical presentation varies, with symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal issues to extraintestinal manifestations. Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical symptoms, serology, imaging, and endoscopic appearance. Management strategies include exclusive enteral feeding, immunomodulators, aminosalicylates, and corticosteroids. Medication adherence is essential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of IBD pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies, highlighting the complexities of this multifaceted disease.