Pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis, and evaluation of Newbouldia laevis and Garcinia kola on advanced glycation and carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, leading to complications such as oxidative stress and inflammation due to the formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs). The inhibition of AGEs formation and the modulation of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, particularly α-amylase, are key therapeutic strategies in diabetes management. Objective: This study evaluates the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Newbouldia laevis and Garcinia kola and investigates their effects on AGE formation and amylase inhibition. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and other bioactive compounds, which contribute to their pharmacological properties. The study demonstrated a progressive decrease in IC50 values for AGEs inhibition, with G. kola showing significant efficacy over four weeks. Similarly, the combination of G. kola and N. laevis exhibited enhanced amylase inhibition compared to individual extracts, suggesting potential synergistic effects. Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the traditional use of these plants in diabetes management and highlight their potential as natural therapeutic agents for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and preventing glycation-related complications.