Garcinia merguensis Wight

1.Garcinia merguensisWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. [Madras] 1 (pts. 1–8): 124. 1838 et Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 1 (10): 6. t. 116. 1839 Figs 1, 2, 3, 4 Garcinia merguensis Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. [Madras] 1 (pts. 1–8): 124. 1838 et Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 1 (10): 6. t. 116. 1839; T. Anderson in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (2): 267. 1874; Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43 (2): 87. 1874 et Forest Fl. Burma 1: 89. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): 6. t. 91 D. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 59 (2): 150. 1890; Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (6): 236. 1893; Vesque in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 341. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees: 51. 1906; Pit. in Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (4): 299. 1910; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 169. fig. 19. 1922; Craib, Fl. Siam. 1 (1): 116. 1925; Gagnep. in Humbert & Gagnep., Fl. Indo-Chine Suppl.: 258. 1943; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 118. 1964; Corner & Watan., Ill. Guide Trop. Pl.: t. 191. 1969; Kochummen & Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 26 (2): 278. 1973; Whitmore in Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 215. 1973; S. W. Jones, Morphology and Major Taxonomy of Garcinia (Guttiferae), Ph. D. Thesis (unpublished): 368. fig. 7 / 12. 1980; P. H. Hô, Câyco Vietnam 1: 565. fig. 1562. 1991; N. P. Singh in B. D. Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. Ind. 3: 118. 1993; M. Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47 (1): 262. 1995; S. Gardner, P. Sidisunthorn & V. Anusarnsunthorn, Field Guide Forest Trees of N. Thailand: 51. fig. 55. 2000; S. Gardner, P. Sidisunthorn & Chayam., Forest Trees S. Thailand 1: 356. fig. 547. 2015; N. Mohanan et al. Rheedea 33 (3): 152. 2023. ≡ Discostigma merguense (Wight) Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 14: 363. 1860. Type. lectotype [designated by Maheshwari (1964)], Myanmar, Mergui, fl. & young fr., 1860, W. Griffith 96, transcription error as W. Griffith 97, K! [K 000677610] (Fig. 3 A). = Garcinia merguensis Wight var. truncata Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): t. 68. 1883; Vesque in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 343. 1893; Pit. in Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (4): 300. 1910 (as var. typica Pierre in the type). Type. lectotype (designated here), Vietnam, ad Cay Cong in prov. Tayninh gallicae austro Cochinchinae, ♂ fl., Jun 1866, J. B. L. Pierre 3630, P digital image! [P 05061522] (Fig. 3 B); isolectotypes: L digital image! [U 1215669, U 1215671]; P! [P 05061445, P 05061521]. = Garcinia merguensis Wight var. pyramidata Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): t. 69. 1883; Vesque, Epharmosis 2: 15. t. 96, 97. 1889 et in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 343. 1893; Pit. in Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (4): 300. 1910. Type. lectotype (designated here), Cambodia, ad montem Cam Chay in prov. Kampot, ♂ fl., May 1874, J. B. L. Pierre 3638, P! [P 05062835] (Fig. 4 A); isolectotypes: L digital image! [U 1215668], P! [P 05062839, P 05062843, P 05062844]. = Garcinia fulva Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): 6. t. 92 B. 1883; Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (6): 236. fig. 111 A. 1893; Vesque in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 361. 1893. Type. lectotype (designated here), Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca, fl. & fr., s. d., W. S. Kurz & A. C. Maingay s. n., P! [P 04701647]. = Garcinia lanceolata Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 170. 1922; Craib, Fl. Siam. 1 (1): 116. 1925; Kochummen & Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 26 (2): 278. 1973. Type. lectotype (designated here), Malaysia, Langkawi, Pulau Terutau, Telok Udang, fl., Sep 1914, M. Haniff 1073, K! [K 000677649] (Fig. 4 B); isolectotype: SING! [SING 0063109]. Description. Habit trees, 3–15 (– 20) m tall, 15–80 (– 120) cm GBH; exudate white, turning creamish white, sticky; branchlets green, 4 - angular, glabrous. Bark brown or dark brown, slightly rough or scaly; inner bark pale brown. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic, narrowly or broadly elliptic, 6.4–13.7 × 2.8–6.2 cm, apex acute or tapering to a long blunt tip, 0.6–1 cm long, base cuneate, margin entire or repand, coriaceous, dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib slightly raised above, raised below, secondary veins 13–18 on each side, 4–7 mm apart from each other, departing from the midrib at an angle of 45 ° – 55 °, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, visible on both surfaces, with intersecondary veins, 2.5–3.5 mm apart from secondary veins, veinlets reticulate, faint above, visible below, interrupted long wavy lines present, of differing lengths, nearly parallel to the midrib, running across the secondary veins to the apex, visible below; petiole 5–8.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm diam., grooved above, glabrous, with a small basal appendage clasping the branchlet; fresh leaves tough (not brittle) when crushed; young leaves reddish brown, turning pale green, glossy. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, in fascicles of 2–8 - flowered cymes or solitary (number of flowers per inflorescence of male inflorescences more than female inflorescences). Flowers unisexual; bracteoles 2, opposite; sepals and petals decussate, concave, glabrous. Flower buds green, subglobose or globose, 2–4 mm diam. Male flowers in fascicles of 3–8 flowers, 0.7–1.2 cm diam.; bracteoles triangular, 1–1.7 × 0.9–1.5 mm, apex acute; pedicel green, 2–6.5 mm long, 0.6–1.5 mm diam., glabrous; sepals 4, pale green, the outer pair smaller than the inner pair, the outer pair semi-orbicular, 1–2 × 1–2.1 mm, apex obtuse, the inner pair broadly ovate, 2.3–3.5 × 2–5 mm, apex obtuse; petals 4, pale yellow or yellow, broadly elliptic or orbicular, 3–5.7 × 3.2–5.7 mm, subequal, apex obtuse or rounded; stamens numerous, united into 4 bundles, each bundle 1.7–4 × 1–4 mm; filaments very short; anthers small; pistillode mushroom-shaped, 2.5–4.5 mm long; sterile stigma sessile, convex, 2.8–3.7 mm diam., papillate. Female flowers in fascicles of 2–3 flowers or solitary, 4.5–8.5 mm diam.; bracteoles triangular, 0.5–1.1 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acute; pedicel green, 2.5–6 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., glabrous; sepals 4, pale green, the outer pair smaller than the inner pair, the outer pair semi-orbicular, 1–2.2 × 1–2.5 mm, apex obtuse, the inner pair broadly ovate or orbicular, 2.5–4.7 × 2.2–5.5 mm, apex obtuse; petals 4, pale yellow or yellow, broadly elliptic, elliptic, or orbicular, 3–6 × 3.2–6 mm, subequal, apex rounded or obtuse; staminodes absent; pistil mushroom-shaped; ovary pale green, subglobose, 1.5–3.5 × 2–3.5 mm; stigma bright red or pale yellow, sessile, convex, 2.3–5 mm diam., unlobed, papillate. Fruits berries, subglobose or globose, 1.7–2.3 × 1.7–2.4 cm, green or dark green, turning yellow when ripe, smooth and glabrous, pericarp coriaceous, c. 2.5–5 mm thick, cut fruits with a sticky white exudate, with persistent sepals; persistent stigma blackish brown or dark brown, discoid and shallowly concave, 4–5.5 mm diam., unlobed, papillate; fruiting stalk 5–8 mm long, 1.2–1.5 mm diam. Seeds 1–2, reddish brown or dark brown, depressed subglobose or depressed globose, 1.4–1.7 × 1.2–1.7 cm, with a thin fleshy pulp. Distribution. India (Assam, Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Tenasserim, Mergui Archipelago), Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia [Kedah (including Langkawi Island), Penang, Perak, Kelantan, Pahang, Malacca], Singapore, Indonesia [Sumatra, reported by Jabit et al. (2009)], Borneo [Malaysia (Sarawak), Indonesia (Kalimantan)]. (Fig. 5). Distribution in Thailand. It is found in all floristic regions. Northern: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Tak, Phitsanulok; North-Eastern: Loei; Eastern: Nakhon Ratchasima; South-Western: Uthai Thani, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; Central: Nakhon Nayok; South-Eastern: Chon Buri, Chanthaburi, Trat; Peninsular: Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat. (Fig. 5). Habitat and ecology. This species is found in a wide variety of habitats, including tropical evergreen rain forests, dry evergreen forests, littoral dry evergreen forests, beach forests, lower montane rain forests, and secondary forests, often along streams, at elevations of 0–1,500 m a. m. s. l. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting more than once, nearly throughout the year, with a peak from February to May. Conservation status. Garcinia merguensis is widely distributed from Assam to Sumatra and Borneo. It is known from many localities and has a large Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 2,704,316.60 km 2 and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 180 km 2. In Thailand, this species is known to be naturally distributed throughout the seven floristic regions and has an EOO of 638,851.52 km 2 and an AOO of 100 km 2. Because of its wide distribution and the number of localities, it does not face any threat of extinction. We therefore suggest the conservation assessment here as Least Concern (LC) in agreement with de Kok (2024 a). Etymology. The specific epithet of Garcinia merguensis was named after the Mergui Archipelago, southern Myanmar, where William Griffith (1810–1845), a British colonial physician and botanist, collected the type specimen. Vernacular names. Kanuan (กะนวล) (Prachuap Khiri Khan, from the specimen Winit 621); Kraduk kai (กระด ู กไก ่) (Nakhon Si Thammarat, from the specimen Snan 922); Kraduk ngu (กระด ู กง ู) (Ranong, from the specimen Pochanart 426); Kraduk nok (กระด ู กนก) (Trat, from the specimen Bunnak 433); Khanom pang (ขนมป ั ง) (Chanthaburi, from the specimen Noe 61); Khi phueng (Surat Thani, from the specimen Sanan 399); Sa-pae (ซาแป) (Malay-Narathiwat, reported by Pooma and Suddee 2014); Duk khang (ด ู กค ่ าง) (Trang, from the specimen S. Phusomsaeng 217); Dok khang (โดกค ่ าง) (Trang, from the specimen B. Sangkhachand 1883); Nuan (นวล) (Trang, from the specimen C. Bunnab 65); Nuan paeng (นวลแป ้ ง) (Nakhon Si Thammarat, from the specimen Rabil 200); Bun yong (บ ุ ญยง) (Lampang, from the specime