Postural analysis and diagnostic imaging of musculoskeletal disorders in captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

Captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are prone to musculoskeletal disorders due to restricted mobility, suboptimal substrates, and chronic mechanical stress. This study integrated systematic postural assessments with radiographic imaging to evaluate foot and limb pathologies in 32 rescued elephants exhibiting gait or postural abnormalities. Forelimb deviations were observed in 43.8% of individuals and hindlimb deformities in 18.8%, with pathological toenails more prevalent in forelimbs (n = 267) than hindlimbs (n = 161), predominantly affecting central digits (T2 and T3). Radiographic analysis (n = 20) identified degenerative changes, primarily in carpal joints, followed by hock and elbow joints, including osteoarthritis, ankylosis, and fractures. These findings confirm a significant association between chronic postural deviations and joint pathology, highlighting the diagnostic utility of combined postural and radiographic evaluations for early detection and enhanced musculoskeletal care in captive elephants.