Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Generative AI In Assessment Planning: A UTAUT-Based Structural Equation Model

The quick rise of generative AI, particularly in educational settings, brings challenges to instructional practices; however, its impact on teachers' attitudes, especially in assessment planning, is still largely unexamined. This study uses the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework to explore teachers' attitudes towards generative AI in assessment planning with a focus on key constructs such as performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), and social influence (SI), aimed at supporting more effective integration of these technologies in assessment planning. The study collected data from 419 educators and used the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that performance expectancy significantly affects opinions (β = 0.392, t = 7.122, p < 0.001), indicating that teachers who believe AI will be helpful are likelier to use it. Similarly, effort expectancy (EE) strongly influences attitudes (β = 0.319, t = 5.528, p < 0.001), indicating the significance of ease-of-use beliefs in order for teachers to use generative AI in their assessment planning. Although social influence had a lesser impact (β = 0.133, t = 2.589, p = 0.01), it is still considered significant. These insights stress the importance of providing targeted professional development among teachers to improve their acceptance and implementation of generative AI in assessment planning.