A Comprehensive Review of Cybersecurity for Modern Work: Attacks, Zero Trust and NIS2 Compliance

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered traditional work environments, accelerating remote work adoption and exposing new cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This article analyzes the evolving threat landscape in both Work From Office (WFO) and Work from Home (WFH) contexts, focusing on the surge in phishing, ransomware, insider threats and attacks exploiting unsecured home networks and remote access protocols. To address these risks, organizations must move toward adaptive security frameworks such as Zero Trust Architecture, which assumes no implicit trust within or outside the network and enforces strict access controls. Additionally, the article explores the relevance of the updated NIS2 Directive, which expands regulatory scope and introduces stricter cybersecurity obligations across critical sectors in the European Union (EU). Together, Zero Trust and NIS2 serve as foundational pillars for securing hybrid work models and enhancing organizational resilience in the face of modern cyber threats.