Impact of Pedal Design Parameters on Operational Efficiency and Usability in Foot Interaction Systems

Foot-based interaction offers a valuable hands-free input method in complex multitasking environments. This study used a Halstead-Reitan tapping task to evaluate how pedal resistance (5.8N–28N), force method (forefoot and rearfoot), and angle (0° and 30°) affect interaction efficiency. Results showed pedal type significantly impacted performance, with 5.8N and 20N pedals yielding the highest tap rates and best user experience. While angle and force method had no significant main effects, their interaction with pedal type was notable. Findings provide ergonomic guidance for optimizing foot-controlled interface design.