Association between Lifestyle Factors and Hormonal Profile Among Primary Infertile Females

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the association between lifestyle factors—such as stress, smoking, physical activity, and dietary habits—and hormonal profiles in women with primary infertility. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 women with primary infertility (married for 12–18 months) who attended the Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital in Ramadi Province, Iraq, from August to September 2023. Participants were selected using non-probability sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews that covered demographics and lifestyle behaviors, while hormonal tests were performed on days 4 and 21 of the cycle. Statistical analysis included descriptive measures (mean, SD), correlation coefficients, and significance testing at a 99% confidence level (p = 0.01). Findings: The results showed that hormonal profiles indicated significant disturbances: 70% had reduced DHEA and vitamin D3, while more than half displayed elevated testosterone and prolactin. Approximately 50% of the participants exhibited increased FSH and LH levels, accompanied by low levels of estradiol and progesterone. Additionally, 40% of the participants had elevated AMH levels, while TSH levels remained within the normal range. Significant correlations were identified between obesity, age, smoking, diet, supplement use, and hormonal imbalances. Education level and living conditions were also related to vitamin D3, LH, testosterone, and dietary patterns. Conclusion: Over half of the infertile women presented with hormonal disturbances strongly associated with age, obesity, smoking, and poor nutrition. The prevalence of diets high in carbohydrates, fats, and sweetened beverages underscores the urgent need for lifestyle and nutritional interventions to improve fertility outcomes.