INSTRUMENTS OF ECONOMIC PRESSURE ON RUSSIA: CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS IN THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF SANCTIONS POLICY

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the instruments of economic pressure applied to the Russian Federation in the context of global sanctions practice over the past two decades. Particular attention is paid to the classification of sanctions by types and areas of impact — financial, trade, technological, energy and other restrictions. The study is based on an empirical analysis of Russia’s macroeconomic indicators (GDP, foreign trade, investment, inflation, international reserves) for the period 2004–2024, which allows us to identify structural shifts and adaptive mechanisms of the economy in the face of increasing external pressure. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various types of sanctions in terms of their impact on Russia’s economic stability, investment attractiveness and financial autonomy is carried out. Particular attention in the study is paid to the profound transformation of the Russian Federation’s foreign economic relations, accompanied by a significant reorientation of trade partnerships towards the countries of Asia, the Middle East and other regions that are not part of the Western sanctions bloc. This process includes not only the restructuring of logistics and financial channels, but also a rethinking of long-term interaction strategies in the context of a changing geopolitical environment. Domestic import substitution policy is considered a key element of economic adaptation, helping to reduce dependence on Western technologies and products, and stimulating the development of the domestic industrial and agricultural sectors. The article analyzes in detail the role of international reserves, which act as one of the main instruments for maintaining financial stability and currency sovereignty of Russia. The results of the study indicate that despite serious economic losses and significant structural challenges, the Russian economy demonstrates a sustainable ability to adapt thanks to effective government support, reorientation to domestic resources and new trade directions. Nevertheless, the long-term effectiveness of the sanctions will largely depend on how successfully Russia can diversify its economy, reduce its dependence on raw materials and modernize its production potential, taking into account technological limitations. The findings are of great practical importance for a deeper understanding of the dynamics of sanctions policy, assessing its effectiveness and developing strategies for economic counteraction in the context of ongoing geopolitical instability and global economic transformation.