Pedestrian stress perception in the age of e-scooters: An epistemological and thematic analysis of Tel Aviv

As cities integrate e-scooters in line with the World Economic Forum’s vision for livable, sustainable urban environments, pedestrians are increasingly confronting new challenges in shared spaces. This study takes a multidisciplinary perspective and an epistemological approach to explore the cognitive and emotional aspects of pedestrian experiences with e-scooter traffic. By using stress perception as a key measure, the focus shifts from traditional safety concerns to wider considerations of emotional well-being in urban mobility. This research may help shape more inclusive, accessible, and pedestrian-friendly urban active mobility systems.Prompted by concerns from the Tel Aviv Municipality and the Israeli National Road Safety Authority, 192 survey responses were analyzed. Findings show that 70% of participants consider pedestrian separation and sidewalk width important, highlighting challenges in navigating mixed-use paths. About 60% cited micromobility paths and road traffic as stressors, often seen as beyond pedestrian control. Although less immediate than factors like shade or air pollution, these elements impact walking experiences. Older participants emphasized accessibility, and women reported increased stress in crowded areas. Preferred solutions include wider, shaded, and well-lit sidewalks, dedicated micromobility lanes, and policies aimed at improving safety and easing pedestrian stress.