A Systematic review of topologies, control strategies, challenges, recent developments, and future prospects on emerging electric vehicle chargers

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by the need to reduce emissions and dependency on fossil fuels, with propulsion systems at the heart of the transformation. However, the adoption of EVs may be challenged by a variety of significant issues, like inadequate charging infrastructure, battery constraints, charging speed, cost, energy density, and dependency on crucial elements such as cobalt and lithium. EV expansion and widespread adoption stimulate power electronic converter and control research to develop reliable, low-cost, and high-power battery charging solutions. In this paper, an in-depth review is carried out on various scientific aspects pertaining to the control methods of power converters for EV chargers available in the literature. First, the current and future global status of the EVs and charger market is provided along with a comprehensive classification of various types of EVs and EV chargers. Then, control strategies for front-stage AC/DC converters along with isolated and non-isolated DC-DC Converters focusing on objectives, features, control parameters, designs, and the latest advancements are thoroughly reviewed and compared. After that, a detailed comparison is provided between commercially available On-board and Off-board EV chargers on the basis of output current and voltage, power, operating temperature, weight, length, compatible protocols, price, and output efficiency. Next, a case study that compares the complete design and simulation results of a 1 kW On-board charger and a 90 kW Off-board charger in Matlab/Simulink is presented. Finally, the conclusion includes a concise recommendation for further work, current advancements, and future roadmaps.