Upgraded Yamada-Ota and Xue models based thermal heat transport analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid: non-similar solutions approach

This study presents a distinct analysis of free convective flow involving a ternary hybrid nanofluid, incorporating the enhanced Yamada-Ota and Xue models. These models, originally developed for nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids, are systematically extended to ternary hybrid nanofluids to capture their thermophysical characteristics more accurately. The application of both models across these three fluid types is thoroughly demonstrated. The analysis includes the non-linear influences of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating on the thermal behavior of the fluid. Using appropriate similarity transformations, comprehensive non-similar solutions are obtained for the flow over an exponentially extending sheet. To substantiate the relevance of the models, graphical representations are used to illustrate the magnetohydrodynamic flow characteristics and thermal performance of nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary hybrid nanofluids. Both the Yamada-Ota and Xue models provide outstanding outcomes for velocity and thermal distributions in the context of non-similar solutions. The temperature field in the context of both considered thermal models exhibits augmenting behavior against the Eckert number and nanoparticles volume fraction. The convective parameter with a higher magnitude upgrades the velocity field. Furthermore, the graphical analysis reveals that the Yamada-Ota model yields more prominent and impactful results for nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary hybrid nanofluids.