A Sociological Analysis of Female Labour Migration in India: Evidence from PLFS and Census 2011 Report

Female labour migration in India is a complicated phenomenon that shapes social, economic, and other factors. The reasons and patterns of female labour migration differ from male labour migration; this migration is usually driven by financial needs, family support, and social pressures. Recent Census 2011 and NSSO data reveal that female labour migration’s pattern is uneven; this migration is often influenced by rural-urban, inter-state, and seasonal factors. This study will examine different patterns of female labour migration, including their socio-economic background and regional disparities. It is essential to understand the determinants of female labour migration, as it is not only limited to economic pressure but also influences social norms, gender roles, and family dynamics. Economic distress, patriarchy, and limited employment opportunities are some key aspects that force women to migrate, ultimately impacting their economic condition. The Census and Economic Survey suggests that caste, community norms, and gendered expectations have an important role in the decision-making process of female labour migration. In this study, patterns and determinants of female labour migration are examined through a sociological lens using the Census 2011 and NSSO Report. Using a data-driven approach, this research will deeply analyse trends and socio-economic factors of female labour migration. Received: 26 April 2025 / Accepted: 29 June 2025 / Published: 15 July 2025