The Bowenian Lens on Leadership Effectiveness in Mediterranean and Confucian Contexts

This study examines the role of differentiation of self in effective leadership across diverse cultural contexts, focusing on individualistic and collectivistic societies. Drawing on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions framework and Bowen’s family systems theory, the analysis highlights the importance of balancing personal autonomy and relational intimacy for leaders. In individualistic cultures, leadership prioritizes autonomy, innovation, and personal accountability. Conversely, in collectivist cultures leadership emphasizes group harmony and respect for hierarchical structures. This study examines how differentiation of self shapes leadership behaviors in two distinct cultural settings: a Mediterranean country (Italy) and a Confucian-based collectivist country (South Korea). With a sample of 352 young adults from Italy (n=186) and South Korea (n=166), we address two key questions—how differentiation of self influences leadership in varied cultural settings and how leaders adapt their styles to cultural complexities. This research provides significant insights into intercultural leadership, contributing to a deeper understanding of leadership effectiveness in a globalized organizational landscape.