Toward Next-Generation V2X Charging Systems for Non-conventional Vehicles: Vehicle Integration, Standards, and Hardware Implications

This thesis explores the integration of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) functionality into next- generation charging systems, focusing on non-conventional vehicles in Sweden. As electrification increases across sectors, V2X technologies offer promising solutions for energy optimization, grid balancing, and carbon reduction. The purpose of this study is to identify non- traditional vehicle types suitable for V2X integration and to determine the technical and hardware requirements of compatible chargers. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining desktop research and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data on vehicle types, idle times, and electrification trends were collected and analysed, while qualitative insights from industry experts enriched the evaluation of technological and economic considerations. Conclusions reveal that tractors especially, but also motorcycles and motorboats, are promising candidates for V2X applications due to their high idle times and increasing electrification trend. Key technical requirements for V2X chargers include bidirectional power transfer capability, compliance with CCS2 and ISO 15118 standards, and the integration of components like hybrid inverters and smart energy management systems. However, economic barriers such as high hardware costs, regulatory uncertainties, and limited standardization remain significant challenges. In summary, the study shows potential for using V2X technology with non-conventional vehicles, but also points to the need for improved standards, lower hardware costs, and better infrastructure to make widespread use possible.