Annual Variation of Temperature and Humidity as a Necessity for the Development of Precipitable Water Vapour Models in Benue State

This study assessed the annual variation of temperature and humidity over a solar cycle (2012–2023) in Benue State, Nigeria and examines its relationships with solar activity, atmospheric circulation patterns, and local climate conditions. The research aims to analyze how solar cycles influence temperature and humidity fluctuations, assess their impact on the onset and duration of the rainy season, and explore the broader implications for agriculture, water resources and human health in the region. Using climate data collected over the 11-year solar cycle, the study reveals that solar maxima—periods of heightened solar activity—lead to increased temperatures and humidity levels, particularly during the wet season. In contrast, solar minima correspond with cooler temperatures and lower humidity levels. Additionally, the research identifies significant correlations between atmospheric circulation patterns, such as the West African Monsoon and African Easterly Jet, and the local climate dynamics of Benue. These fluctuations affect agricultural productivity, water availability, and the prevalence of heat-related illnesses. The study also develops a predictive model for temperature and humidity patterns based on solar activity and atmospheric circulation, providing a tool for anticipating future climate variations. Recommendations for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies are proposed, including flexible agricultural practices, improved water management systems, public health initiatives, and climate-responsive urban planning. By understanding the impact of the solar cycle on Benue's climate, this research contributes to enhancing the region's resilience to climate variability and promoting sustainable development.