Shiyaf: Integrating the traditional Unani dosage form into the current medical framework

<p><span>The Unani system of medicine encompasses a diverse array of dosage forms intended for local application, among which <em>Shiyaf</em> stands out as a distinctive solid preparation. </span><span lang="EN-IN">It is defined as a dosage form specially prepared by incorporating finely powdered drugs with suitable liquid media and manually shaping them into cylindrical or conical forms. Initially, <em>Shiyaf</em> was predominantly used for ocular conditions, applied after being rubbed in a liquid medium and then gently applied to the eye using a finger or an applicator. Over time, its scope expanded to include insertion into rectal, vaginal, aural, and urethral orifices to produce therapeutic effects, along with application in wounds to deliver localized action. It has been historically indicated in conditions ranging from cataract and conjunctivitis to constipation, infertility, arthritis, and sexual debility. Despite its broad utility, <em>Shiyaf </em>has diminished in the modern practice due to its production process and </span><span>lack of scientific evidence supporting its efficacy</span><span lang="EN-IN">. To bridge this gap, there is a pressing need to reformulate and re-evaluate <em>Shiyaf</em> to establish its value in the contemporary world. A comprehensive review of classical texts such as <em>Al-Qarabadeen</em>, <em>Qarabadeen-e-Kabir</em>, <em>Qarabadeen-e-Azam,</em> etc., alongside searches in multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate) was conducted to gather relevant data. In this context, a suppository emerges as the most appropriate modern equivalent to a <em>Shiyaf</em>. It is defined as a solid dosage form intended for insertion into body cavities, where it melts or dissolves to exert local or systemic effects. They are well-established in current therapeutics for conditions like constipation, vaginal infections, pain, fever, </span><span>and other related ailments</span><span lang="EN-IN">. By adapting <em>Shiyaf</em> into contemporary suppository formulations, Unani principles can be preserved and integrated into the modern healthcare system. This harmonization promises to enhance therapeutic acceptance, ensure dosage consistency, improve patient compliance, and foster scientific validation, ultimately revitalizing a valuable traditional preparation. </span></p>