Physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of berries at different maturity stages

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, functional, and sensory changes in four berry species blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum cv. Bluecrop), strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. San Andrea), blackberry (Rubus glaucus cv. Castilla), and goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) at different maturity stages to determine the optimal harvest time that ensures maximum quality and market acceptance. Fruits were classified by skin color according to international standards. Key parameters evaluated included weight, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (°Brix), protein content, color, firmness, total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, respiration rate, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for chemical profiling. A sensory evaluation was conducted to assess consumer acceptance based on flavor and texture. Results showed that fruit weight peaked at stage 5 in blackberries and goldenberries (5.58 ± 1.09 and 4.33 ± 0.74 g, respectively), and at stage 6 in blueberries and strawberries (2.36 ± 0.46 and 19.01 ± 0.96 g, respectively). The highest °Brix values were observed at stage 6 across all species. Protein content decreased with maturity in all berries except blackberries. Firmness declined during ripening in blueberries, blackberries, and strawberries, whereas goldenberries maintained a stable firmness (5.5 N) from stages 3 to 6. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids fluctuated, while anthocyanin content increased in all berries except goldenberries. These variations were corroborated by changes in the FTIR spectral profiles. Goldenberries exhibited the highest respiration rate (5716.92 ± 2.23 mg CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹), suggesting reduced shelf life. Sensory analysis revealed greater consumer preference for strawberries, blueberries, and goldenberries. These findings provide valuable information for defining optimal harvest times, aiming to enhance both fruit quality and consumer satisfaction in the fresh market.