Is sexual orientation a categorical or spectrum dimension? An exploratory study of different sexual orientation measurements and scales

Abstract This study explored different sexual orientation measurement scales to determine how participants’ responses differ between them. 200 participants were recruited using social media. Sexual orientation was measured indirectly by a viewing time task (milliseconds), and directly by completing seven self-report scales. The main research question asked was: Is sexual orientation a categorical or spectrum dimension? Two hypotheses were proposed. H1: The method used to assess sexual orientation will influence participants’ self-identification. H2: Higher scores of sexual orientation uncertainty will be associated with greater indicators of sexual orientation fluidity. Both were supported. Fluidity was measured based on label changes across self-identification sexual orientation questionnaires, self-scores of uncertainty levels of sexual orientation, and reported change over the years of sexual orientation identification. The objective viewing time measure predicted selfidentification of sexual orientation. The sexual orientation continuum was supported by the larger sexual self-identification scales; however, age was not a factor influencing sexual orientation fluidity in this study. Research on sexual orientation should focus on raising awareness of the continuum aspect of sexual orientation and guide practitioners and professionals in assisting those identifying outside the main sexual orientation labels. Ultimately, self-reported sexual orientation should be treated as accurate since it is the participant’s own self-identity, however, these measures should be inclusive, clear, and sensitive enough to allow for a range of meaningful choices.