Beyond procurement: Europe's pursuit of defense autonomy

Operational autonomy should be achieved through developing integrated command systems, rather than simply procuring weapons: great powers direct operations. Direct deterrence must be achieved through investments in conventional forces, which can reduce but not replace reliance on US nuclear deterrence. Tactical R&D can be achieved by embedding field R&D in military units and creating a European network of military innovation to support tactical R&D. Strategic assertiveness will result from abandoning learned helplessness. European leaders must own their strategic decisions and not defer to the US.