Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers in Jos, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), continue to pose major global public health challenges, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the burden is disproportionately high. Female sex workers (FSWs) are particularly vulnerable to acquiring and transmitting HIV and other STIs due to high rates of unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, limited access to healthcare, and marginalization. This study assessed the prevalence of HIV and other STIs, and identified factors associated with HIV infection among FSWs in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among FSWs in Jos between September and December 2020. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for HIV and other STIs. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with HIV infection. Results: A total of 175 FSWs were enrolled, with a mean age of 29.5 (±6.4) years. HIV prevalence was 22.3% (95% CI: 16.7–29.1). Ureaplasma parvum was the most prevalent STI (55.4%), followed by Ureaplasma urealyticum (50.9%). Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhea, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis was 19.4%, 17.7%, and 12.0%, respectively. Risk factors for HIV included alcohol use (OR 1.2), substance abuse (OR 1.9), known paying partner (OR 1.9), early sexual debut (<18 years, OR 1.1), and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (OR 1.0). Consistent condom use was associated with lower odds of HIV infection (OR 0.7). Conclusion: FSWs in Jos exhibited high HIV and STI prevalence. Interventions such as targeted screening, treatment, substance use reduction, and condom promotion are essential to reduce infection risks in this key population.