Unusual properties of adiabatic invariance in a billiard model related to the adiabatic piston problem

<p dir="ltr">We consider the motion of two massive particles along a straight line. A lighter particle bounces back and forth between a heavier particle and a stationary wall, with all collisions being ideally elastic. This is one of canonical models in the theory of adiabatic invariants. It is known that if the lighter particle moves much faster than the heavier one, and the kinetic energies of the particles are of the same order, then the product of the speed of the lighter particle and the distance between the heavier particle and the wall is an adiabatic invariant: its value remains approximately constant over a long period. We show that the value of this adiabatic invariant, calculated at the collisions of the lighter particle with the wall, is a constant of motion (i.e., an exact adiabatic invariant). On the other hand, the value of this adiabatic invariant at the collisions between the particles slowly, linearly in time, decays with each collision. The model we consider is a highly simplified version of the classical adiabatic piston problem, where the lighter particle represents a gas particle, and the heavier particle represents the piston.