Understanding the mechanisms by which residential relocation affects changes in cycling: A theory-building process tracing approach

Introduction: Promoting cycling for both transport and leisure is a policy priority recognized for its potential to improve health. Life events, such as residential relocation, often trigger behavioural shifts in cycling. However, the complex mechanisms and interplay of factors influencing these changes remain not well understood. Methods: This qualitative study explores the impact of relocation on cycling, using a novel theory-building process tracing approach to re-analyse 28 in-depth interviews conducted between 2008 and 2011 as part of the Cycling Cities and Towns (CCT) project in England. Results: Three mechanisms are identified linking relocation to changes in cycling behaviour: physical changes, social changes, and intentions. Most (male) participants responded to physical changes in the environment. Reassessment of these changes was common among those who increased cycling but not among those who reduced it. The study also highlights the important role of social changes in influencing cycling behaviour post-relocation and reveals gender differences in how these social shifts influence behaviour. Conclusion: Relocation presents a significant opportunity for behaviour change, capable of leading to both increases and decreases in cycling through various mechanisms and contextual conditions. This study challenges the overemphasis on self-selection bias and underscores the importance of physical and social changes in shaping cycling behaviour post-relocation. These insights highlight the need for comprehensive theories, innovative methods, and interventions that account for the complexity of different movers and their cycling decisions.