Вплив екологічних криз на функціональний стан Picea abies (L.) Karst. у мікрокосмах

Due to global climate change, the issue of forest ecosystems’ adaptation to abiotic stresses is becoming increasingly relevant. Priming plays a key role in this process, enabling plants to respond more effectively to stress by activating defense mechanisms. An important indicator of adaptation is the content of photosynthetic pigments, which determine the efficiency of photosynthesis. Chloroplast degradation caused by the accumulation of pollutants reduces photosynthetic intensity and disrupts the redox balance of membranes, damaging the plants’ photosynthetic apparatus. This study examines the response of Picea abies to key environmental stress factors: elevated temperature, acid rain, and ultraviolet radiation, simulated in microcosms. The functional state of the photosynthetic apparatus was assessed by analyzing the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and primary productivity indicators. It was found that these abiotic factors reduce the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, leading to a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, increased respiration activity and deterioration of chloroplast function under the influence of acid rain indicate the development of stress responses. The obtained results suggest that pigment content can be used as an indicator of the photosynthetic system’s condition in P. abies under global environmental changes. The results showed a significant decrease in gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) of plants under the influence of all three factors. The most significant changes were observed under elevated temperature, which led to an 83% reduction in NPP. Furthermore, the reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations was accompanied by a disruption in the redox balance of chloroplast membranes and inhibition of photosynthetic processes. Prolonged exposure to acid rain led to the accumulation of senescence hormones, confirming the development of stress syndrome as described by H. Selye. Based on the conducted research, it was established that elevated temperatures, acid rain, and ultraviolet radiation significantly reduce NPP and GPP in P. abies, potentially leading to the overall deterioration of ecosystem health. The plant’s stress response aligns with the first stage of the adaptation syndrome, characterized by the suppression of metabolic processes and an increase in aging hormones. The negative impact of acid rain is exacerbated with prolonged exposure, potentially causing irreversible tissue and cell damage. The reduction in NPP and GPP under the influence of stress factors may indicate the depletion of plant resilience resources, which is crucial for the longterm stability of the ecosystem. The obtained results allow using photosynthetic pigment content as sensitive indicators of plant condition under abiotic stress. This study emphasizes the need for ecological monitoring based on the functional state of key species in forest ecosystems, as prolonged exposure to stress factors can lead to severe disruption of ecosystem stability.