The Trajectories of Lethal Violence: Analysing Long-Term Homicide Trends in England and Wales

This review critically examines long-term trends of lethal violence in England and Wales. Notably, the timing, character, and distribution of the homicide drop here deviates from trends observed in other forms of violence and comparable jurisdictions. Drawing on extensive research and multidecade data from the Homicide Index (1977–2020), this review explores key theoretical frameworks, disaggregates offender and victim profiles, and investigates the structural, cultural, and interpersonal factors shaping lethal violence. Particular attention is given to the gendered and racialized dimensions of homicide, the increasing proportion of unsolved cases, and the importance of developing bespoke models. The review identifies critical data gaps, especially around ethnicity, and outlines priorities for future research. It argues for recognizing homicide as a distinct phenomenon in England and Wales, requiring tailored theoretical and empirical attention.