Spatial Ecologies in Viable Agri-Food Supply Chains: Insights from Iceberg Model and Causality Analysis

The study explores the role of spatial ecologies in creating viable agri-food supply chains using the Iceberg Model of Systems Thinking and Causality Analysis. By examining the distinct adaptations in rural, urban, and semi-urban regions, this research identifies how spatial variations influenced the adaptations of agri-food supply chains during COVID-19. Stakeholder interviews provide rich data on the events, patterns, underlying structures, and mental models that drive these adaptations. The analysis reveals that digital connectivity, community initiatives, and hybrid sourcing methods are critical factors in enabling the dynamic reconfigurability of agri-food supply chains to achieve food cost, quality, and availability. By mapping Causal Loop Diagrams, the study highlights the importance of understanding regional dynamics and ecosystem interactions. These insights are essential for policymakers and practitioners in developing viable agri-food systems through spatially informed strategies.