Screening and Prevention of the Female Athlete Triad

Background The Female Athlete Triad—a syndrome of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased bone mineral density—poses a significant risk to female athletes, particularly those in sports emphasizing leanness or endurance. Despite its potential to impair both performance and long-term health, the Triad remains frequently underdiagnosed due to stigma, nonspecific symptoms, and limited screening practices. This review investigates current strategies for screening and preventing the Triad, aiming to identify best practices and areas needing improvement. Methods A literature review was conducted using PubMed, focusing on studies published after 2005. Keyword searches included “female athlete triad screening,” “prevention,” “education,” and “awareness.” A total of 646 records were identified, with 15 studies meeting inclusion criteria after screening. Criteria included English-language studies directly addressing the Triad in athletic populations, with a focus on screening methods, prevention, or educational interventions. Results Multidisciplinary interventions involving physicians, dietitians, and mental health professionals were most effective in identifying and managing the Triad. The LEAF Questionnaire demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting low energy availability and menstrual irregularities. Educational programs significantly improved awareness among athletes, coaches, and parents, leading to earlier detection and intervention. Barriers included stigma, inconsistent screening protocols, and limited access to comprehensive care. Discussion Universal screening protocols and expanded educational initiatives are essential for effective Triad prevention. Incorporating technology for real-time monitoring and conducting long-term outcome studies may further enhance care. Increased awareness and proactive screening can mitigate long-term health consequences and improve athlete well-being and performance.