Expanding implementation of nature-based solutions as a long-term flood mitigation strategy across the United States

To build a climate-ready nation, communities across the U.S. need diverse flood mitigation portfolios that include nature-based solutions (NbS). NbS, like reconnecting disconnected floodplains and restoring riparian wetlands, can help reduce the magnitude of flood peaks, store nutrients and sediment preventing pollution into downstream waters, and provide aesthetic and recreational value to communities. To investigate technological, financial, political, and social barriers to implementation of nature-based solutions, we conducted two national surveys: one with a representative sample of U.S. residents (n=925); the other with emergency managers (n=64). We also conducted four focus groups with key stakeholders in the Winooski River Watershed, Vermont. We found that both the public and emergency managers want at least as much investment of public funds into NbS as they do into gray infrastructure solutions for flood mitigation. However, lack of knowledge about the benefits that NbS can provide, lack of financial incentives for NbS projects, and difficulty acquiring land were all commonly cited by survey participants as barriers for implementation of these projects. Key stakeholders can spread awareness and combat misconceptions about NbS by: 1) having resources on NbS to share with the public in town halls, on public-facing websites, and on social media; 2) engaging with the public throughout planning, implementation, and evaluation of NbS projects. Federal and state agencies can also provide clear funding streams for NbS. Finally, government agencies and research institutions can provide the technical expertise needed to identify land where NbS can be implemented and prioritize projects in socially vulnerable communities.