Formulation and Evaluation of a Licorice-Resveratrol Lollipop for Targeting Streptococcus mutans Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance

Sandip Patil,1 Gauri Suresh Powar,2 Swapnil Harale,2 Sunil T Galatage,3 Sixi Liu,1 Bruno Silvester Lopes,4 Devender Kumar Sharma,5 Abhinandan Ravsaheb Patil,6 Feiqiu Wen1 1Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 2Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy, Mahagaon, Chinchewadi, India; 3Vasantidevi Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Kodoli, India; 4School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK; 5Department of Oral Microbiology, Himachal Dental College, SundarNagar, India; 6DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to Be University), Kolhapur, IndiaCorrespondence: Feiqiu Wen, Email [email protected] Abhinandan Ravsaheb Patil, Email [email protected]: Streptococcus mutans is a key pathogen in dental caries, and the development of novel antimicrobial formulations is crucial to combat its resistance. This study aimed to evaluate a licorice-resveratrol medicated lollipop formulation (LRML) for its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against S. mutans.Methods: The LRML was developed using a heating and congealing method, incorporating licorice extract (5% w/w) and resveratrol (2% w/w) in a sucrose-based matrix. The physicochemical properties of the formulation, including hardness, drug content uniformity, moisture content, and dissolution profile, were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and time-kill assays. Anti-biofilm activity was evaluated using a crystal violet assay. The stability of the formulation was determined under accelerated conditions.Results: The LRML formulation showed efficient drug release, with formulation number LRML-7 demonstrating 96.87% release within 45 minutes. The antimicrobial tests revealed significant bactericidal effects against S. mutans at concentrations above 0.2 μg/mL, with a notable reduction in bacterial growth in time-kill assays. The formulation also demonstrated substantial inhibition of biofilm formation at both MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) levels. Stability studies confirmed that the formulation retained its physicochemical properties over three months.Conclusion: The LRML exhibited promising antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic option for managing dental infections. Further clinical studies are required to optimize the formulation’s efficacy and clinical applicability.Keywords: licorice, resveratrol, antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, Streptococcus mutans, drug release, stability