Germany's 9-Euro ticket: Impact of a cheap public transport ticket on mobility patterns and infrastructure quality

The 9-Euro Ticket increased public transport use but hardly shifted away from car travel Train use surged for leisure activities; car use dropped least among commuters The 9-Euro Ticket led to overcrowding, delaying both regional and non-covered long-distance trains A rough calculation indicates that the fuel discount minimally impacted our estimates High costs, low car-to-train shift, and train delays call for other decarbonization strategies