Gender diversity, equity, and inclusivity (DEI) in dental higher education: a narrative review on current evidence and future directions

The present narrative review aimed to appraise the current evidence on gender diversity, equity, and inclusivity (DEI) in dental higher education. It highlighted the existing gender disparities in dental education and leadership roles as well as the progress and challenges faced by contemporary dental schools in achieving gender DEI. Although men historically dominated the leadership roles in the dental higher education sector, evidence has shown an increase in women enrolling into dental programs and holding top-management roles in dental institutes, progressing towards a more inclusive, supportive and gender-friendly educational environment. However, gender disparities in these leadership roles, salary, and academic achievements persist, underscoring the underrepresentation of women in senior roles within dental higher education. In addition, this review further elaborated on the theoretical framework, such as the Critical Feminist Theory, Social Role Theory, and the Inclusive Excellence Framework that underpinned gender DEI. Effective strategies and future research are warranted to support dental higher education in fostering a more inclusive and equitable environment, ultimately benefiting the dental profession.