El impacto del sesgo cognitivo en la interpretación de evidencia forense

Cognitive bias in the interpretation of forensic evidence undermines the objectivity and accuracy of expert analyses, posing significant risks of judicial errors. Among the most common biases are confirmation bias, anchoring bias, the halo effect, and contextual bias, all of which can distort the evaluation of evidence such as DNA, fingerprints, or ballistics. This study examined how these biases affect forensic analysis through a systematic literature review with a qualitative approach, based on more than 50 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2024. The study found that confirmation bias is the most persistent, as it leads experts to favor prior hypotheses or institutional expectations, often disregarding contradictory information. It also highlighted the impact of anchoring bias, where initial data disproportionately influences the entire analytical process. To mitigate these effects, strategies such as implementing blind protocols, separating roles between forensic experts and investigators, peer review, and ongoing training in critical thinking and metacognition are recommended. In conclusion, although cognitive biases are a natural part of human thinking, their influence in forensic science can be reduced through structural and methodological interventions. Applying these strategies not only enhances the objectivity and quality of forensic reports but also contributes to a more equitable justice system and reinforces respect for due process.