Developing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) Nanoparticles and MOF-integrated Hydrogels as Biomedical Materials for Bone Repair Applications

The human skeletal system plays a critical role in organ protection and mobility, with an intrinsic capacity for self-repair. However, extensive bone defects surpass this natural ability, necessitating advanced clinical interventions. This thesis identifies the shortcomings of conventional bone repair methods, including autografts, allografts, and synthetic materials, which suffer from donor site morbidity, immune rejection, and suboptimal mechanical and biological properties. To address these limitations, this study pioneers the use of mineral-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as multifunctional materials for bone regeneration. MOFs, known for their biocompatibility, controlled biodegradability, and capacity to deliver bioactive ions, are explored in three innovative applications: (i) the fabrication of 3D-printed Zn-MOF-based nanocomposite hydrogels that enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, (ii) the development of injectable and sprayable nanocomposite hydrogels incorporating Ca-MOF and Mg-MOF nanoparticles, which demonstrate superior bone mineralization in vitro and in vivo, and (iii) the synthesis of light-responsive Au/Zn-MOF nanoparticles for dual-function hydrogels capable of promoting osteogenesis and delivering site-specific antibacterial photothermal therapy, reducing implant-associated infection risks. These findings showcase the multifunctionality and clinical potential of MOF-based hydrogels as transformative biomaterials, marking a significant advancement in regenerative medicine and offering a drug-free, biocompatible solution for orthopedic repair.