CANCER AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC, GEOGRAPHIC, AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN TREATMENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW

Cancer is a leading global health concern, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. However, treatment outcomes are not solely determined by biological factors but are heavily influenced by social determinants of health (SDOH), including economic status, geographic location, and racial and ethnic background. This review explores how these disparities shape cancer care access, treatment efficacy, and survival outcomes. Economic disparities play a critical role in determining whether patients can afford cancer screenings, timely diagnoses, and high-quality treatment options. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face financial toxicity, limited insurance coverage, and barriers to accessing novel therapies, which contribute to poorer outcomes. Additionally, geographic disparities, particularly in rural and medically underserved areas, limit access to specialized cancer care, leading to delayed diagnoses and reduced survival rates. Patients in these areas often travel long distances for treatment, experience provider shortages, and face higher healthcare costs. Racial and ethnic disparities further exacerbate inequities in cancer treatment outcomes. Structural racism, implicit bias in medical practice, and historical mistrust in healthcare systems contribute to lower rates of screening, delayed treatment initiation, and exclusion from clinical trials among racial and ethnic minority groups. Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous populations consistently experience higher cancer-related mortality rates, partly due to systemic barriers in healthcare access and quality. To address these challenges, policy and interventional strategies are crucial in mitigating disparities in cancer treatment. Policy-driven approaches such as Medicaid expansion, patient navigation programs, and telemedicine initiatives have shown promise in improving access to care. Additionally, community-based interventions, culturally tailored health education programs, and increased representation of minority populations in clinical research can help bridge existing gaps. Future research should focus on refining targeted interventions, integrating SDOH into oncologic care frameworks, and leveraging emerging technologies to enhance healthcare access. By addressing these disparities, healthcare systems can work toward more equitable cancer treatment and improved patient outcomes. Keywords: Cancer disparities, social determinants of health, economic barriers, geographic disparities, racial inequities, cancer treatment outcomes, healthcare access, policy interventions. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/75-04 Publication date: March 31st 2025