BASIC INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF INTERNAL ORGANS IN FLUOROSIS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Chronic intoxication with fluoride compounds remains a serious public health problem, despite the decrease in their concentration in production and the common incidence level in recent years. Long-term exposure to the trace element and its ability to accumulate in the body are crucial factors in the morphogenesis of structural alterations. Since the main manifestation of fluorosis is damage to the teeth and skeleton, researchers traditionally focus their attention on studying mainly the pathology of these tissues. At the same time, in recent years, a large number of scientific papers devoted to the effect of fluoride on non-skeletal organs has accumulated. This review presents an analysis of current studies of the morphological aspects of the exposure to fluorides on internal organs. It is shown that long-term exposure and accumulation of fluoride compounds in the body lead to systemic intracellular disorders: an increase in the level of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, activation of free radical oxidation, modulation of intracellular signaling pathways and programmed cell death. The indicated pathological processes mediate the formation of morphological changes and functional failure of both the musculoskeletal system and non-skeletal tissues, which requires a comprehensive approach to the treatment of fluoride intoxication and methods of its prevention.